As nouns the difference between temerity and courage
is that temerity is reckless boldness; foolish bravery while courage is the quality of a confident character not to be afraid or intimidated easily but without being incautious or inconsiderate.
As nouns the difference between courage and vindication
is that courage is the quality of a confident character not to be afraid or intimidated easily but without being incautious or inconsiderate while vindication is the act of vindicating or the state of being vindicated.