What is the difference between predicate and copula?
predicate | copula |
(grammar) The part of the sentence (or clause) which states something about the subject or the object of the sentence.
*
(logic) A term of a statement, where the statement may be true or false depending on whether the thing referred to by the values of the statement's variables has the property signified by that (predicative) term.
*
(computing) An operator or function that returns either true or false.
To announce or assert publicly.
(logic) To state, assert.
To suppose, assume; to infer.
* 1859 , Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities :
* 1881 , Thomas Hardy, A Laodicean :
(originally US) To base (on); to assert on the grounds of.
* 1978 , Michel Foucault, The Will to Knowledge , trans. Robert Hurley (Penguin 1998, page 81):
(linguistics, grammar) A word, usually a verb, used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate (usually a subject complement or an adverbial), that unites or associates the subject with the predicate.
* 1994', Randall Hendrick, ''8: The Brythonic Celtic '''copula and head raising'', David Lightfoot, Norbert Hornstein (editors), ''Verb Movement ,
* 2002 , Quentin Smith, Language and Time ,
* 2003', Giuliano Bernini, ''The '''copula in learner Italian: Finiteness and verbal inflection'', Christine Dimroth, Marianne Starren (editors), ''Information Structure and the Dynamics of Language Acquisition ,
* 2006', Christine Czinglar, Antigone Kati?i?, Katharina Köhler, Chris Schaner-Wolles, ''Strategies in the L1-Acquisition of Predication: The '''Copula Construction in German and Croatian , Natalia Gagarina, Insa Gülzow (editors),
(statistics) A function that represents the association between two or more variables, independent of the individual marginal distributions of the variables.
* {{quote-news, year=2009, date=March 10, author=Dennis Overbye, title=Mathematical Model and the Mortgage Mess, work=New York Times
, passage=In 2000, David X. Li, a banker with a doctorate in statistics who was then at RiskMetrics, part of J. P. Morgan Chase, began using mathematical functions called Gaussian copulas to estimate the likelihood of corporations’ dying in unison.}}
* 2009 , N. Balakrishnan, Chin-Diew Lai, Continuous Bivariate Distributions ,
* 2011 , Julian Shaw, Chapter 16: Julian Shaw'', Richard R. Lindsey, Barry Schachter (editors), ''How I Became a Quant: Insights from 25 of Wall Street's Elite ,
* 2011', Ostap Okhrin, ''Chapter 17: Fitting High-Dimensional '''Copulae to Data'', Jin-Chuan Duan, Wolfgang Karl Härdle, James E. Gentle (editors), ''Handbook of Computational Finance ,
(music) A device that connects two or more keyboards of an organ.
In lang=en terms the difference between predicate and copula
is that predicate is a term of a statement, where the statement may be true or false depending on whether the thing referred to by the values of the statement's variables has the property signified by that (predicative) term while copula is a device that connects two or more keyboards of an organ.As nouns the difference between predicate and copula
is that predicate is the part of the sentence (or clause) which states something about the subject or the object of the sentence while copula is a word, usually a verb, used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate (usually a subject complement or an adverbial), that unites or associates the subject with the predicate.As a verb predicate
is to announce or assert publicly.predicate
English
(wikipedia predicate)Alternative forms
* (archaic)Etymology 1
From (etyl) predicat (French , as Etymology 2, below.Noun
(en noun)- In "The dog barked very loudly", the subject is "the dog" and the predicate is "barked very loudly".
- In the light of this observation, consider Number Agreement in a sentence like:
(120) They'' seem to me [S — to be ''fools''/?''a fool'']
Here, the Predicate''' Nominal ''fools'' agrees with the italicised NP ''they'', in spite of the fact that (as we argued earlier) the two are contained in different Clauses at S-structure. How can this be? Under the NP MOVEMENT analysis of ''seem'' structures, sentences like (120) pose no problem; if we suppose that ''they'' originates in the — position as the subordinate Clause Subject, then we can say that the '''Predicate Nominal agrees with the ''underlying'' Subject of its Clause. How does ''they get from its underlying position as subordinate Clause Subject to its superficial position as main Clause Subject? By NP MOVEMENT, of course!
- A nullary predicate''' is a proposition. Also, an instance of a ' predicate whose terms are all constant — e.g., P(2,3) — acts as a proposition.
- A predicate can be thought of as either a relation (between elements of the domain of discourse) or as a truth-valued function (of said elements).
- A predicate is either valid, satisfiable, or unsatisfiable.
- There are two ways of binding a predicate''''s variables: one is to assign constant values to those variables, the other is to quantify over those variables (using universal or existential quantifiers). If all of a '''predicate' s variables are bound, the resulting formula is a proposition.
- Thus, in (121) (a) persuade'' is clearly a ''three-place Predicate''''' — that is, a '''Predicate''' which takes three Arguments: the first of these Arguments is the Subject NP ''John'', the second is the Primary Object NP ''Mary'', and the third is the Secondary Object S-bar [''that she should resign'']. By contrast, ''believe'' in (121) (b) is clearly a ''two-place '''Predicate''''' (i.e. a '''Predicate which has two Arguments): its first Argument is the Subject NP ''John'', and its second Argument is the Object S-bar [''that Mary was innocent ].
Derived terms
* nominal predicative * predicatable * predicate calculus * predicative adjective * predicativelyEtymology 2
From (etyl) .Verb
(predicat)- There was a character about Madame Defarge, from which one might have predicated that she did not often make mistakes against herself in any of the reckonings over which she presided.
- Of anyone else it would have been said that she must be finding the afternoon rather dreary in the quaint halls not of her forefathers: but of Miss Power it was unsafe to predicate so surely.
- The law is what constitutes both desire and the lack on which it is predicated .
External links
* * * English heteronyms ----copula
English
(wikipedia copula)Noun
(en-noun)page 163,
- I begin by arguing in section 2 that there are in fact at least two Celtic copulas', a grammatical '''copula''' that simply spells out tense and agreement, and a substantive ' copula formed on a lexically listed verbal stem.
page 189,
- The theory of conjunctively tensed copulae will be developed and stated with more precision in the following section.
page 159,
- This paper explores the position of the copula in the development of the verb system in second language acquisition of Italian.
page 95,
- The present study focuses on the acquisition of a specific verbal element, namely the copula , in predicative constructions in a cross-linguistic perspective (English, German, Croatian).
citation
page 59,
- There is little statistical theoretical theory for copulas'. Sensitivity studies of estimation procedures and goodness-of-fit tests for ' copulas are unknown.
page 240,
- Copulas' provide an example of the haphazard evolution of quantitative finance. The key result is Sklar's theorem, which says that one can characterize any multivariate probability distribution by its '''copula''' (which specifies the correlation structure) and its marginal distributions (the conditional one dimensional distributions). Thus one can create multivariate distributions by mixing and matching ' copulas and marginal distributions.
page 482,
- A recently developed flexible method is provided by hierarchical Archimedean copulae (HAC).