Noun

(en-noun)

(linguistics, grammar) A word, usually a verb, used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate (usually a subject complement or an adverbial), that unites or associates the subject with the predicate.

* 1994', Randall Hendrick, ''8: The Brythonic Celtic '''copula and head raising'', David Lightfoot, Norbert Hornstein (editors), ''Verb Movement , page 163,

I begin by arguing in section 2 that there are in fact at least two Celtic copulas', a grammatical '''copula''' that simply spells out tense and agreement, and a substantive ' copula formed on a lexically listed verbal stem.

* 2002 , Quentin Smith, Language and Time , page 189,

The theory of conjunctively tensed copulae will be developed and stated with more precision in the following section.

* 2003', Giuliano Bernini, ''The '''copula in learner Italian: Finiteness and verbal inflection'', Christine Dimroth, Marianne Starren (editors), ''Information Structure and the Dynamics of Language Acquisition , page 159,

This paper explores the position of the copula in the development of the verb system in second language acquisition of Italian.

* 2006', Christine Czinglar, Antigone Kati?i?, Katharina Köhler, Chris Schaner-Wolles, ''Strategies in the L1-Acquisition of Predication: The '''Copula Construction in German and Croatian , Natalia Gagarina, Insa Gülzow (editors), page 95,

The present study focuses on the acquisition of a specific verbal element, namely the copula , in predicative constructions in a cross-linguistic perspective (English, German, Croatian).

(statistics) A function that represents the association between two or more variables, independent of the individual marginal distributions of the variables.

* {{quote-news, year=2009, date=March 10, author=Dennis Overbye, title=Mathematical Model and the Mortgage Mess, work=New York Times citation

, passage=In 2000, David X. Li, a banker with a doctorate in statistics who was then at RiskMetrics, part of J. P. Morgan Chase, began using mathematical functions called Gaussian copulas to estimate the likelihood of corporations’ dying in unison.}}

* 2009 , N. Balakrishnan, Chin-Diew Lai, Continuous Bivariate Distributions , page 59,

There is little statistical theoretical theory for copulas'. Sensitivity studies of estimation procedures and goodness-of-fit tests for ' copulas are unknown.

* 2011 , Julian Shaw, Chapter 16: Julian Shaw'', Richard R. Lindsey, Barry Schachter (editors), ''How I Became a Quant: Insights from 25 of Wall Street's Elite , page 240,

Copulas' provide an example of the haphazard evolution of quantitative finance. The key result is Sklar's theorem, which says that one can characterize any multivariate probability distribution by its '''copula''' (which specifies the correlation structure) and its marginal distributions (the conditional one dimensional distributions). Thus one can create multivariate distributions by mixing and matching ' copulas and marginal distributions.

* 2011', Ostap Okhrin, ''Chapter 17: Fitting High-Dimensional '''Copulae to Data'', Jin-Chuan Duan, Wolfgang Karl Härdle, James E. Gentle (editors), ''Handbook of Computational Finance , page 482,

A recently developed flexible method is provided by hierarchical Archimedean copulae (HAC).

(music) A device that connects two or more keyboards of an organ.

Noun

(scopulae) (scopulae)

A dense tuft of hair, as on certain insects legs